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Diekmann, A (2007). Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to Detect Fraudulent Scientific Data. Journal of Applied Statistics 34(3), pp. 321-329.

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Aggarwal, V and Dharni, K (2020). Deshelling the Shell Companies Using Benford’s Law: An Emerging Market Study. Vikalpa 45(3), pp. 160-169. DOI:10.1177/0256090920979695. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Agyemang, EF, Nortey, ENN, Minkah, R and Asah-Asante, K (2023). The unfolding mystery of the numbers: First and second digits based comparative tests and its application to ghana’s elections. Model Assisted Statistics and Applications 18(2), pp. 183-192. DOI:10.3233/MAS-221418. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Aris, NA, Othman, R, Arif, SMM, Malek, MAA and Omar, N (2013). Fraud Detection: Benford’s Law vs Beneish Model. 2013 IEEE Symposium on Humanities, Science and Engineering Research (SHUSER). View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Aris, NA, Othman, R, Bukhori, MAM, Arif, SMM and Malek, MAA (2017). Detecting Accounting Anomalies Using Benford’s Law: Evidence from the Malaysian Public Sector. Management & Accounting Review 16(2), pp. 73-100. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Aybars, A and Ataunal, L (2016). An application of Benford’s law to fundamental accounting figures reported by Borsa Istanbul (BIST) companies. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting 3(3), pp. 234-243. DOI:10.17261/Pressacademia.2016321991. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Badal-Valero, E, Alvarez-Jareño, JA and Pavía, JM (2018). Combining Benford's Law and machine learning to detect money laundering. An actual Spanish court case. Forensic Science International 282, pp. 24-34. DOI:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.008. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Balashov, VS, Yan, Y and Zhu, X (2020). Who Manipulates Data During Pandemics? Evidence from Newcomb-Benford Law. Preprint arXiv:2007.14841 [econ.GN]; last accessed March 10, 2021. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Balashov, VS, Yan, Y and Zhu, X (2021). Using the Newcomb–Benford law to study the association between a country’s COVID-19 reporting accuracy and its development. Scientific Reports 11, pp. 22914. DOI:10.1038/s41598-021-02367-z. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bannier, C, Ewelt-Knauer, C, Lips, J and Winker, P (2020). Benford’s Law and Its Application to Detecting Financial Fraud and Manipulation. Ch. 18 in: Corruption and Fraud in Financial Markets: Malpractice, Misconduct and Manipulation, C. Alexander and D. Cumming (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, U.K., pp. 473-504. ISSN/ISBN:978-1-119-42177-1. View Complete Reference No online information available Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bannier, C, Ewelt-Knauer, C, Winker, P and Lips, J (2019). Benford’s law and its application to detecting financial fraud and manipulation. Chapter 5 of Econometric Modelling of Energy & Financial Markets, Doctoral Thesis of Johannes Lips, Justus-Liebig University Gießen . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Barabesi, L, Cerasa, A, Cerioli, A and Perrotta, D (2018). Goodness-of-fit testing for the Newcomb-Benford law with application to the detection of customs fraud. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 36(2), pp. 346-358. DOI:10.1080/07350015.2016.1172014. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bauer, J and Gross, J (2011). Difficulties Detecting Fraud? The Use of Benford’s Law on Regression Tables. Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik) 231(5-6), pp. 733-748. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Baumeister, J and Macedo, TG (2011). Von den Zufallszahlen und ihrem Gebrauch. Stand: 21, November 2011. GER View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Beber, B and Scacco, A (2012). What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud. Political Analysis 20 (2), pp. 211-234. DOI:10.1093/pan/mps003. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bera, A, Mishra, U, Roy, SS, Biswas, A, Sen, A and Sen, U (2018). Benford analysis of quantum critical phenomena: First digit provides high finite-size scaling exponent while first two and further are not much better. Physics Letters A 382(25), pp. 1639–1644 . DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2018.04.020. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Berger, A and Eshun, G (2014). Benford solutions of linear difference equations. Theory and Applications of Difference Equations and Discrete Dynamical Systems, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics Volume 102, pp. 23-60. ISSN/ISBN:978-3-662-44139-8. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-44140-4_2. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Berger, A and Eshun, G (2016). A characterization of Benford's law in discrete-time linear systems. Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 28(2), pp. 432-469. ISSN/ISBN:1040-7294. DOI:10.1007/s10884-014-9393-y. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2018). Benford or not Benford: new results on digits beyond the first. Preprint arXiv:1805.01291v1 [stat.OT]; last accessed July 29, 2018. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2019). Benford or Not Benford: A Systematic But Not Always Well-Founded Use of an Elegant Law in Experimental Fields. Communications in Mathematics and Statistics, pp. 1-35. ISSN/ISBN:2194-6701. DOI:10.1007/s40304-018-00172-1. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau da Silva, S (2019). BeyondBenford: An R Package to Determine Which of Benford’s or BDS’s Distributions is the Most Relevant. Preprint hal-02310013; also posted on arXiv:1910.06104 [physics.soc-ph]; last accessed October 21, 2019. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2021). BeyondBenford R Package to compare Benford's and BDS's Distributions. Computer Science Journal of Moldova 29(2), p. 241-256. View Complete Reference No online information available Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2022). An Alternative to the Oversimplifying Benford’s Law in Experimental Fields. Sankhya B. DOI:10.1007/s13571-022-00287-0. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Bonettini, N, Bestagini, P, Milani, S and Tubaro, S (2020). On the use of Benford's law to detect GAN-generated images. Preprint arXiv:arXiv:2004.07682 [cs.CV]; last accessed April 21, 2020 (2020 25th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp. 5495-5502) . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Brähler, G, Bensmann, M and Emke, AL (2010). Der Einsatz mathematisch-statistischer Methoden in der digitalen Betriebsprüfung. Illmenauer Schriften zur Betriebswirtschaftslehre 4/2010. GER View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Branets, S (2019). Detecting money laundering with Benford’s law and machine learning . Masters Thesis, University of Tartu. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bredl, S, Storfinger, N and Menold, N (2011). A literature review of methods to detect fabricated survey data. Discussion Paper, No. 56, Justus-Liebig- Universität Gießen, Zentrum für Internationale Entwicklungs- und Umweltforschung (ZEU), Giessen. Also appears in: Interviewers’ deviations in surveys. Ed. by N. Menold, P. Winker, and R. Porst. Schriften zur empir. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Burgos, A and Santos, A (2021). The Newcomb–Benford law: Scale invariance and a simple Markov process based on it (Previous title: The Newcomb–Benford law: Do physicists use more frequently the key 1 than the key 9?). Preprint arXiv:2101.12068 [physics.pop-ph]; last accessed August 8, 2022; Published Am. J. Phys. 89, pp. 851-861. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Burns, BD (2009). Sensitivity to statistical regularities: People (largely) follow Benford’s law. pp 2872-2877 in: Proceedings of CogSci 2009, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Burns, BD (2020). Do people fit to Benford’s law, or do they have a Benford bias?. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Virtual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, pp. 1729-1735. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cakebread, K (2011). Detecting Manipulations in Data with Benford's Law – A C# Class. Posted on codeproject.com; last accessed Jun 8, 2019. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Carreira, P and da Silva, CG (2016). Assessing the omission of records from a data set using Benford’s law. Journal of Financial Crime 23(4), pp. 798-805. DOI:10.1108/JFC-10-2015-0060. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Castañeda, G (2011). La ley de Benford y su aplicabilidad en el análisis forense de resultados electorales [Benford’s Law and its Applicability in the Forensic Analysis of Electoral Results]. Política y gobierno 18(2), pp. 297-329. SPA View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cerasa, A (2022). Testing for Benford’s Law in very small samples: Simulation study and a new test proposal. PLoS ONE 17(7), pp. e0271969. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0271969. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cerri, J (2018). A fish rots from the head down: how to use the leading digits of ecological data to detect their falsification. Preprint, bioRxiv p. 368951. DOI:10.1101/368951. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Chi, D (2020). First Digit Phenomenon in Number Generation Under Uncertainty: Through the Lens of Benford’s Law. Master's thesis, School of Psychology, University of Sydney. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Chi, D and Burns, BD (2022). Why do People fit to Benford’s Law? – A Test of the Recognition Hypothesis. In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, J. Culbertson, A. Perfors, H. Rabagliati & V. Ramenzoni (Eds.), pp. 3648-3654. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Coeurjolly, J-F (2020). Digit analysis for Covid-19 reported data . Preprint arXiv:2005.05009 [stat.AP]; last accessed May 17, 2020. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cong, M, Li, C and Ma, B-Q (2019). First digit law from Laplace transform. Phys. Lett. A, 383(16), pp. 1836-1844. DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2019.03.017 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cong, M and Ma, B-Q (2019). A Proof of First Digit Law from Laplace Transform. Chinese Physics Letters, 36, 7, 070201. DOI:10.1088/0256-307X/36/7/070201. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Corazza, M, Ellero, A and Zorzi, A (2010). Checking financial markets via Benford's law: the S&P 500 case. In: Corazza, M and Pizzi, C (Eds.): Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Actuarial Sciences and Finance, Springer, pp. 93-102. DOI:10.1007/978-88-470-1481-7_10. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Corazza, M, Ellero, A and Zorzi, A (2018). The importance of being “one” (or Benford’s law). Lettera Matematica 6(1), pp. 33–39. DOI:10.1007/s40329-018-0218-4. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Costa, JI (2012). Desenvolvimento de metodologias contabilométricas aplicadas a auditoria contábil digital: uma proposta de análise da lei de Newcomb-Benford para os Tribunais de Contas. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil. POR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Costa, JI, Travassos, SK and dos Santos, J (2013). Application of Newcomb-Benford Law in accounting audit: A bibliometric analysis in the period from 1988 to 2011. 10th International Conference on Information Systems and Technology Management - CONTECSI June, 12 to 14, 2013 - São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 16-30. POR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
da Cunha, FCR (2013). Aplicações da lei Newcomb-Benford à auditoria de obras públicas [Applications of the Newcomb-Benford Law on Audit of Public Works]. Masters Thesis, University of Brasilia. POR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
da Silva, AJ, Floquet, S, Santos, DOC and Lima, RF (2020). On the validation of the Newcomb-Benford Law and the Weibull distribution in neuromuscular transmission. Physica A 553, 1 September 2020, 124606. DOI:10.1016/j.physa.2020.124606. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
da Silva, CG and Carreira, PMR (2011). Selecting Audit Targets Using Benford’s Law. Technical Report No. 8, Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra . ISSN/ISBN:645-2631. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
da Silva, CG and Carreira, PMR (2013). Selecting Audit Samples Using Benford's Law. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 53-65. DOI:10.2308/ajpt-50340. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Das, RC, Mishra, CS and Rajib, P (2017). Detection of Anomalies in Accounting Data Using Benford’s Law: Evidence from India. Journal of Social Science Studies 4(1), pp. 123-139. DOI:10.5296/jsss.v4i1.9873. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Datta, D and Banks, D (2021). Was There Any Widespread Fraud in 2020 Presidential Election? What does Benford's Law say?. Journal of Student Research (High School Edition) 10(3), pp. . ISSN/ISBN:2167-1907. DOI:10.47611/jsrhs.v10i3.1848. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Debreceny, RS and Gray, GL (2010). Data mining journal entries for fraud detection: An exploratory study. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 157–181. DOI:10.1016/j.accinf.2010.08.001. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Deckert, J, Myagkov, M and Ordeshook, PC (2011). Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 245-268. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr014. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Deleanu, IS (2017). Do Countries Consistently Engage in Misinforming the International Community about Their Efforts to Combat Money Laundering? Evidence Using Benford's Law. PLoS One 12(1), p. e0169632. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0169632. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Diekmann, A (2012). Making Use of ‘‘Benford’s Law’’ for the Randomized Response Technique. Sociological Methods and Research 41(2), pp. 325-334. DOI:10.1177/0049124112452525. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Diekmann, A and Jann, B (2010). Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection: Facts and Legends. German Economic Review 11(3), pp. 397–401. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2010.00510.x. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Eckhartt, GM and Ruxton, GD (2023). Investigating and preventing scientific misconduct using Benford’s Law. Research Integrity and Peer Review 8(1). DOI:10.1186/s41073-022-00126-w. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Elba, F (2020). Dati Covid 2019 e legge di Benford. Preprint arXiv:2008.05884 [physics.soc-ph]; last accessed August 29, 2020. ITA View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Ensminger, J and Leder-Luis, J (2022). Measuring Strategic Data Manipulation: Evidence from a World Bank Project. Preprint, submitted for publication. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Ensminger, J and Leder-Luis, J (2022). Detecting Fraud in Development Aid. Preprint. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Erfani, A, Zhang, K and Cui, Q (2021). TAB Bid Irregularity: Data-Driven Model and Its Application. Journal of Management in Engineering 37(5), p. 04021055. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000958. View Complete Reference No online information available Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Eutsler, J, Harris, MK, Williams, LT and Cornejo, OE (2023). Accounting for partisanship and politicization: Employing Benford's Law to examine misreporting of COVID-19 infection cases and deaths in the United States. Accounting, Organizations and Society, in press. DOI:10.1016/j.aos.2023.101455. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Filho, DF, Silva, L and Medeiros, H (2022). “Won’t get fooled again”: statistical fault detection in COVID-19 Latin American data. Globalization and Health 18, pp.105. DOI:10.1186/s12992-022-00899-1. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Fonseca, PMT da (2016). Digit analysis using Benford's Law: A Bayesian approach. Masters Thesis, ISEG - Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, Lisbon School of Economics & Management, Portugal. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Formann, AK (2010). The Newcomb-Benford Law in Its Relation to Some Common Distributions. PLoS ONE 5(5): e10541. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0010541. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
García-Sosa, AT (2019). Benford's law in medicinal chemistry: Implications for drug design. Future Medicinal Chemistry 11(17), pp. 2247-2253. DOI:10.4155/fmc-2019-0006. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gauvrit, N, Houillon, J-C and Delahaye, J-P (2017). Generalized Benford’s Law as a Lie Detector. Advances in Cognitive Psychology 13(2), pp. 121-127. DOI:10.5709/acp-0212-x. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Geyer, D and Drechsler, C (2014). Detecting Cosmetic Debt Management Using Benford's Law . The Journal of Applied Business Research 30 (5), pp.1485-1492. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Goh, C (2020). Applying visual analytics to fraud detection using Benford's law. Journal of Corporate Accounting & Finance, pp. 1-7. DOI:10.1002/jcaf.22440. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Golbeck, J (2023). Benford’s Law applies to word frequency rank in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian. PLoS ONE 18(9), pp. e0291337. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0291337. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
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Grammatikos, T and Papanikolaou, NI (2016). Applying Benford’s Law to Detect Accounting Data Manipulation in the Banking Industry. Luxembourg School of Finance Working Paper Series 11. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2352775. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Grammatikos, T and Papanikolaou, NI (2021). Applying Benford’s law to detect accounting data manipulation in the banking industry. Journal of Financial Services Research 59, pp. 115-142. DOI:10.1007/s10693-020-00334-9. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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İlkdoğan, S (2020). İç denetimin hileye yaklaşımında Benford Kanunu’nun uygulanması [Application of Benford's Law in internal audit's approach to fraud]. Masters Thesis, Balikesir University Institute of Social Sciences, Balikesir. TUR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Joannes-Boyau, R, Bodin, T, Scheffers, A, Sambridge, M and May, SM (2015). Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity. Nature -Scientific Reports 5:12046, pp. 1-8 . DOI:10.1038/srep12046. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Joenssen, DW (2014). Testing for Benford's Law: A Monte Carlo Comparison of Methods. Preprint available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2545243; last accessed Mar 24, 2019 . DOI:10.2139/ssrn.2545243. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Jones, WA (2019). A Benford Analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Finance Data. Journal of Sports Economics. DOI:10.1177/1527002519887430. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Jošić , H and Žmuk, B (2020). The Application of the Law of Anomalous Numbers on Global Food Prices in Examining Psychological Pricing Strategies. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, pp. 1-16. DOI:10.1080/08974438.2020.1796880 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Jošić, H and Žmuk, B (2018). The Application of Benford’s Law in psychological pricing detection. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Mostaru, No. 24, pp. 37-57. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Jošić, H and Žmuk, B (2021). Assessing the Quality of COVID-19 Data: Evidence from Newcomb-Benford Law. Facta Universitatis, in press. DOI:10.22190/FUEO210326008J. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Kıvraklar, K and Demirci, M (2019). Benford Yasası’nın Mali Denetim Alanında Kullanımı Üzerine Bir Uygulama [An Application On The Use Of Benford Law In The Field Of Financial Inspection]. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi 12(2), pp. 289-316. DOI:10.29067/muvu.340793. TUR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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