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Fewster, RM (2009). A Simple Explanation of Benford's Law. American Statistician 63(1), pp. 26-32.

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Adam, I, Fazekas, M, Kazmina, Y, Teremy, Z, Tóth, B, Villamil, IR and Wachs, J (2022). Public procurement cartels: A systematic testing of old and new screens. Government Transparency Institute Working Paper series: GTI-WP/2022:01, Budapest, Hungary. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Aggarwal, V and Dharni, K (2020). Deshelling the Shell Companies Using Benford’s Law: An Emerging Market Study. Vikalpa 45(3), pp. 160-169. DOI:10.1177/0256090920979695. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Aldous, D and Phan, T (2009). When Can One Test an Explanation? Compare and Contrast Benford's Law and the Fuzzy CLT. Class project report, Statistics Department, UC Berkeley. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Aldous, D and Phan, T (2010). When Can One Test an Explanation? Compare and Contrast Benford's Law and the Fuzzy CLT. The American Statistician 64(3), pp. 221–227. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.1198/tast.2010.09098. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Alexander, J (2009). Remarks on the use of Benford's law. Social Science Research Network (November 13, 2009). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1505147 or . DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1505147. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Ali, A and Haque, S (2022). Application of Benford’s law to COVID-19 cases in selected countries of the Caribbean and globally. Caribbean Medical Journal. ISSN/ISBN:2664-5599. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Alipour, A and Alipour, S (2019). Application of Benford’s Law in Analyzing Geotechnical Data. Civil Engineering Infrastructures Journal 52(2), pp. 323 – 334. DOI:10.22059/ceij.2019.272005.1534. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Arshadi, L and Jahangir, AH (2014). Benford's law behavior of Internet traffic. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Volume 40, April 2014, pp. 194–205. ISSN/ISBN:1084-8045. DOI:10.1016/j.jnca.2013.09.007. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bannier, C, Ewelt-Knauer, C, Lips, J and Winker, P (2020). Benford’s Law and Its Application to Detecting Financial Fraud and Manipulation. Ch. 18 in: Corruption and Fraud in Financial Markets: Malpractice, Misconduct and Manipulation, C. Alexander and D. Cumming (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, U.K., pp. 473-504. ISSN/ISBN:978-1-119-42177-1. View Complete Reference No online information available Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Bannier, C, Ewelt-Knauer, C, Winker, P and Lips, J (2019). Benford’s law and its application to detecting financial fraud and manipulation. Chapter 5 of Econometric Modelling of Energy & Financial Markets, Doctoral Thesis of Johannes Lips, Justus-Liebig University Gießen . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Barabesi, L, Cerasa, A, Cerioli, A and Perrotta, D (2018). Goodness-of-fit testing for the Newcomb-Benford law with application to the detection of customs fraud. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 36(2), pp. 346-358. DOI:10.1080/07350015.2016.1172014. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Barney, BB and Schulzke, KS (2016). Moderating "Cry Wolf" events with excess MAD in Benford's law research and practice. J. Forensic Account. Res. 1 (1), A66–A90. DOI:10.2308/jfar-51622. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Baumeister, J and Macedo, TG (2011). Von den Zufallszahlen und ihrem Gebrauch. Stand: 21, November 2011. GER View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Baumgartner, T, Guettier, A and Kim, F (2022). Bitcoin Flash Crash on May 19, 2021: What did really happen on Binance?. Invited for presentation at the MIT Golub Center for Finance and Policy (GCFP) 2022 in Cambridge, MA. Also to be presented at the Paris December Finance Meeting 2022. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Berger, A and Hill, TP (2010). Fundamental Flaws in Feller’s Classical Derivation of Benford’s Law. University of Alberta preprint; posted on math arXiv 14May 2010. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Berger, A and Hill, TP (2011). Benford's Law Strikes Back: No Simple Explanation in Sight for Mathematical Gem. The Mathematical Intelligencer 33(1), pp. 85-91. DOI:10.1007/ s00283-010-9182-3. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Berger, A and Hill, TP (2011). A basic theory of Benford's Law . Probability Surveys 8, pp. 1-126. DOI:10.1214/11-PS175. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Berger, A and Twelves, I (2018). On the significands of uniform random variables. Journal of Applied Probability 55(2), pp. 353-367. DOI:10.1017/jpr.2018.23. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Biau, D. (2015). The first-digit frequencies in data of turbulent flows. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications Volume 440, pp. 147-154. DOI:10.1016/j.physa.2015.08.016. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Block, HW and Savits, TH (2010). A General Example for Benford Data. The American Statistician 64(4), pp. 335-339. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2020). Limits of Benford’s Law in Experimental Field. International Journal of Applied Mathematics 33(4), pp. 685-695. DOI:10.12732/ijam.v33i4.12. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Blondeau Da Silva, S (2022). An Alternative to the Oversimplifying Benford’s Law in Experimental Fields. Sankhya B. DOI:10.1007/s13571-022-00287-0. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Burgos, A and Santos, A (2021). The Newcomb–Benford law: Scale invariance and a simple Markov process based on it (Previous title: The Newcomb–Benford law: Do physicists use more frequently the key 1 than the key 9?). Preprint arXiv:2101.12068 [physics.pop-ph]; last accessed August 8, 2022; Published Am. J. Phys. 89, pp. 851-861. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Butgereit, L (2021). Covid-19 New Cases Measurements and Benford's Law with Specific Focus on South Africa. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Computing and Data Communication Systems (icABCD), Durban, South Africa, pp. 1-5. DOI:10.1109/icABCD51485.2021.9519321. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Butgereit, L (2021). Focusing Benford’s Law on the Daily Covid-19 Cases Numbers and Daily Covid-19 Deaths Numbers. 2021 IEEE AFRICON, pp. 1-6. DOI:10.1109/AFRICON51333.2021.9570989. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Butgereit, L (2021). Covid Cases and Covid Deaths as seen through Benford's Law – With a Special View to Africa. 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), pp. 1-6 . DOI:10.1109/ICECCME52200.2021.9591143. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Cantu, F and Saiegh, SM (2010). A Supervised Machine Learning Procedure to Detect Electoral Fraud Using Digital Analysis. Preprint posted on SSRN; last accessed August 5, 2021. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.1594406. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cantu, F and Saiegh, SM (2011). Fraudulent Democracy? An Analysis of Argentina’s Infamous Decade Using Supervised Machine Learning. Political Analysis 19 (4), pp. 409-433. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr033. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Capalbo, F, Galati, L, Lupi, C and Smarra, M (2022). The Impact of Elections on the Quality of Financial Statements in Municipally Owned Entities. University of Molise Economics and Statistics Discussion Paper n. 078/22. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Capalbo, F, Galati, L, Lupi, C and Smarra, M (2023). Local elections and the quality of financial statements in municipally owned entities: A Benford analysis. Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 173 p. 113752. DOI:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113752. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cerqueti, R and Lupi, C (2022). Severe testing of Benford’s law. Preprint arXiv:2202.05237 [stat.ME]; last accessed February 21, 2022. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cerqueti, R and Lupi, C (2023). Severe testing of Benford's law. TEST 32(2), pp. 677-694. DOI:10.1007/s11749-023-00848-z. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cerri, J (2018). A fish rots from the head down: how to use the leading digits of ecological data to detect their falsification. Preprint, bioRxiv p. 368951. DOI:10.1101/368951. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cole, MA, Maddison, DJ and Zhang, L (2020). Testing the emission reduction claims of CDM projects using the Benford's Law. Climatic Change 160 (3), pp. 407–426. DOI:10.1007/s10584-019-02593-5. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cong, M, Li, C and Ma, B-Q (2019). First digit law from Laplace transform. Phys. Lett. A, 383(16), pp. 1836-1844. DOI:10.1016/j.physleta.2019.03.017 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Coracioni, A-T and Dănescu, T (2020). Testing of Published Information on Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Conformity Analysis with the Benford’s Law Method. Audit Financiar XVIII(4) pp. 821-830,. DOI:10.20869/AUDITF/2020/160/029. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Cuenca, AV (2023). La Ley de Benford, Del Primer Dígito Significativo. Trabajo Fin de Grado en Matemáticas, Universidad de Valladolid . SPA View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
da Silva, ASCD (2013). The application of Benford’s Law in detecting accounting fraud in the Financial Sector. Masters Thesis, Lisboa School of Economics & Management. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Davic, RD (2022). Correspondence of Newcomb-Benford law with ecological processes . Posted on bioRxiv preprint server of Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory June 27, 2022 . DOI:10.1101/2022.06.27.497806. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
De Vries, P and Murk, AJ (2013). Compliance of LC50 and NOEC data with Benford's Law: An indication of reliability?. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 98, pp. 171–178. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.002. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Demirdöven, K (2019). Adli Muhasebeciler İçin Benford’un Hukukunun Etkinliğinin Bir Araştirma Araci Olarak Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Benford's Law as a Research Tool for Forensic Accountants]. Masters Project, Istanbul Esenyurt University. TUR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Diaz, J, Gallart, J and Ruiz, M (2014). On the Ability of the Benford’s Law to Detect Earthquakes and Discriminate Seismic Signals. Seismological Research Letters 86(1), pp. 192-201. DOI:10.1785/0220140131. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Eliazar, II (2013). Benford's Law: A Poisson Perspective. Physica A 392(16) pp. 3360–3373. DOI:10.1016/j.physa.2013.03.057. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Eutsler, J, Harris, MK, Williams, LT and Cornejo, OE (2023). Accounting for partisanship and politicization: Employing Benford's Law to examine misreporting of COVID-19 infection cases and deaths in the United States. Accounting, Organizations and Society, in press. DOI:10.1016/j.aos.2023.101455. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Fallico, D (2023). Searching Applications of Benford’s Law to Investigate Beam Jitter. Presentation for Teacher Research Associate (TRAC) Program at Fermilab. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Farkas, J and Gyürky, G (2010). The significance of using the Newcomb-Benford law as a test of nuclear half-life calculations. Acta Physica Polonica B 41(6), pp. 1213-1221. ISSN/ISBN:PL 0587-4254. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Fellman, J (2014). The Benford paradox. Journal of statistical and econometric methods 3(4), pp. 1-20. ISSN/ISBN:2241-0384 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Fellman, J (2017). Benfordparadoxen. Arkhimedes 2017(4), pp. 26-33. SWE View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Filho, DF, Silva, L and Medeiros, H (2022). “Won’t get fooled again”: statistical fault detection in COVID-19 Latin American data. Globalization and Health 18, pp.105. DOI:10.1186/s12992-022-00899-1. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Fonseca, PMT da (2016). Digit analysis using Benford's Law: A Bayesian approach. Masters Thesis, ISEG - Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, Lisbon School of Economics & Management, Portugal. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gan, R, Wang, L, Xue, L and Lin, X (2024). Exposing Stealthy Wash Trading on Automated Market Maker Exchanges. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 24(4), pp. 1-30. DOI:10.1145/3689631. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Gauvrit, N (2013). A propos du bias d'équiprobabilité [About the 'equiprobability bias']. Recherches en Didactique des Mathématiques 33, pp. 163-182. FRE View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Gauvrit, N and Delahaye, J-P (2009). Scatter and regularity imply Benford's Law ... and more. Preprint arXiv: 0910.1359 [math.PR]; last accessed July 18, 2018 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gauvrit, N and Delahaye, J-P (2011). Scatter and Regularity Implies Benford's Law... and More. in H. Zenil (Ed.) Randomness Through Complexity, Singapore, World Scientific, 53-69. ISSN/ISBN:13978-981-4327-74-9. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gauvrit, N, Houillon, J-C and Delahaye, J-P (2017). Generalized Benford’s Law as a Lie Detector. Advances in Cognitive Psychology 13(2), pp. 121-127. DOI:10.5709/acp-0212-x. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Genest, V and Genest, C (2011). La loi de Newcomb-Benford ou la loi du premier chiffre significatif. Bulletin Association Mathématique du Québec, Vol. LI, no 2, pp. 22-39. FRE View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Goldoni, E, Savazzi, P and Gamba, P (2012). A novel source coding technique for wireless sensor networks based on Benford's law . 2012 IEEE Workshop on Environmental Energy and Structural Monitoring Systems (EESMS), 26-28 Sept. 2012, pp 32-34 . ISSN/ISBN:978-1-4673-2739-8 . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gómez-Camponovo M, Moreno, J, Idrovo, ÁJ, Páez, M and Achkar, M (2016). Monitoring the Paraguayan epidemiological dengue surveillance system (2009-2011) using Benford's law. Biomédica 36, pp. 583-92. DOI:10.7705/biomedica.v36i4.2731. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Gonsalves, RA (2020). Benford’s Law — A Simple Explanation. Posted on towardsdatascience.com blog October 1; last accessed October 10, 2020. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Goodman, WM (2013). Reality Checks for a Distributional Assumption: The Case of “Benford’s Law”. JSM Proceedings. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association (2013), pp. 2789-2803. (Also published on the Statistical Literacy website, at URL: http://www.statlit.org/pdf/2013-Goodman-ASA.pdf) . View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Halperin, M and Lusk, EJ (2016). Navigating the Benford labyrinth: A big-data Analytic protocol illustrated using the Academic library Context. Knowledge Management & E-Learning 8(1), pp. 138-157. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Hassler, U and Hosseinkouchack, M (2019). Testing the Newcomb-Benford Law: experimental evidence. Applied Economics Letters, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1080/13504851.2019.1597248. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Hickman, MJ and Rice, SK (2010). Digital Analysis of Crime Statistics: Does Crime Conform to Benford’s Law?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 26(3), pp. 333-349. ISSN/ISBN:1573-7799. DOI:10.1007/s10940-010-9094-6. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Idrovo, AJ, Bojórquez-Chapela, I, Fernández-Niño, JA and Moreno-Montoya, J (2011). Performance of public health surveillance systems during the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in the Americas: testing a new method based on Benford's Law. Epidemiol. Infect. 139(12), pp. 1827-34. ISSN/ISBN:1469-4409. DOI:10.1017/S095026881100015X. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Iorliam, A (2016). Application of power laws to biometrics, forensics and network traffic analysis. PhD Thesis, University of Surrey. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Joannes-Boyau, R, Bodin, T, Scheffers, A, Sambridge, M and May, SM (2015). Using Benford’s law to investigate Natural Hazard dataset homogeneity. Nature -Scientific Reports 5:12046, pp. 1-8 . DOI:10.1038/srep12046. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Jones, WA (2019). A Benford Analysis of National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Finance Data. Journal of Sports Economics. DOI:10.1177/1527002519887430. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
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Kauko, K (2024). How to detect what drives deviations from Benford’s law? An application to bank deposit data. Empir. Econ (2024). View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Le, T and Lobo, GJ (2022). Audit Quality Inputs and Financial Statement Conformity to Benford’s Law. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 37(3), pp. 586–602 . DOI:10.1177/0148558X20930467. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Lusk, EJ and Halperin, M (2014). Test of Proportions Screening for the Newcomb-Benford Screen in the Audit Context: A Likelihood Triaging Protocol. Journal of Accounting and Finance Research 3(4), pp. 166-180. DOI:10.5430/afr.v3n4p166. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Lusk, EJ and Halperin, M (2015). Testing the mixing property of the Newcomb-Benford Profile: Implications for the audit context. International Journal of Economics & Finance 7(6), pp. 42-50. DOI:10.5539/ijef.v7n6p42. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Ma'arif, MY, Jalal, AAA, Satar, NSM and Samah, MAA (2020). Detecting ERP Data Fraud Using the First Digits Formula of Benford’s Law . Sci.Int.(Lahore) 32(4),pp. 439-444. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Macías, ALO and Ogua, ST (2018). Encontrando datos anómalos en la tributación. Aplicación de la Ley de Benford en el Impuesto a la Renta en Ecuador [Finding anomalous data in taxation. Application of the Benford Law on Income Tax in Ecuador]. SaberEs 10(2), pp. 173-188. SPA View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Mainusch, NM (2020). On Benford's law - Computing a Bayes factor with the Savage-Dickey method to quantify conformance of numerical data to Benford's law. Bachelor's Thesis, University of Osnabrueck, Institute of Cognitive Science, Germany. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Mansouri, E, Mostajabi, A, Schulz, W, Diendorfer, G, Rubinstein, M and Rachidi , F (2022). On the Use of Benford’s Law to Assess the Quality of the Data Provided by Lightning Locating Systems. Atmosphere 13(4), pp. 552. ISSN/ISBN:2073-4433. DOI:10.3390/atmos13040552. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
Margellou, AG and Pomonis, PJ (2020). Benford's law, Zipf's law and the pore properties in solids. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 292, p. 109735. DOI:10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109735. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
McCarville, D (2021). A data transformation process for using Benford’s Law with bounded data. Preprint [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review], Emerald Open Research 3(29). DOI:10.35241/emeraldopenres.14374.1. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references No Bibliography works reference this work
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Mocnik, F-J (2021). Benford's law and geographical information - the example of OpenStreetMap. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 35, pp. 1746-1772. DOI:10.1080/13658816.2020.1829627. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Neves, GA, Nunes, CS and Fernandes, PO (2021). Application of Benford’s Law to the Tourism Demand: The Case of the Island of Sal, Cape Verde. In Proceedings of Optimization, Learning Algorithms and Applications. OL2A 2021. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1488. Springer, Cham.. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-91885-9_43. View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
Özevin, O and Yazdifar, H (2020). Assessing the Fraud Risk Factors in the Finance Statements with Benford's Law. Journal of accounting and taxation studies (in press). View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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Özkan, K (2021). Benford Kanunu ve Genelleştirilmiş Benford Kanunu ile ekosistem doğallığının hesaplanması [Estimating ecosystem naturalness using Benford’s Law and Generalized Benford’s Law]. Turkish Journal of Forestry 22(2), pp. 73-82 . DOI:10.18182/tjf.907217. TUR View Complete Reference Online information Works that this work references Works that reference this work
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