This work cites the following items of the Benford Online Bibliography:
Bauer, J and Gross, J (2011). Difficulties Detecting Fraud? The Use of Benford’s Law on Regression Tables. Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik) 231(5-6), pp. 733-748. | ![]() |
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Beber, B and Scacco, A (2012). What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud. Political Analysis 20 (2), pp. 211-234. DOI:10.1093/pan/mps003. | ![]() |
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Benford, F (1938). The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Mar. 31, 1938), pp. 551-572. | ![]() |
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Boyle, J (1994). An Application of Fourier Series to the Most Significant Digit Problem. American Mathematical Monthly 101(9), pp. 879-886. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9890. DOI:10.2307/2975136. | ![]() |
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Breunig, C and Goerres, A (2011). Searching for Electoral Irregularities in an Established Democracy: Applying Benford’s Law Tests to Bundestag Elections in Unified Germany. Electoral Studies 30(3) September 2011, pp. 534-545. | ![]() |
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Busta, B and Weinberg, R (1998). Using Benford’s law and neural networks as a review procedure. Managerial Auditing Journal 13(6), pp. 356-366. DOI:10.1108/02686909810222375. | ![]() |
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Carslaw, CAPN (1988). Anomalies in Income Numbers: Evidence of Goal Oriented Behavior. The Accounting Review 63(2), pp. 321-327. | ![]() |
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Cho, WKT and Gaines, BJ (2007). Breaking the (Benford) law: Statistical fraud detection in campaign finance. American Statistician 61(3), pp. 218-223. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.1198/000313007X223496. | ![]() |
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Cleary, R and Thibodeau, JC (2005). Applying Digital Analysis Using Benford‘s Law to Detect Fraud: The Dangers of Type I Errors. Auditing - A Journal of Practice & Theory 24(1), pp. 77-81. ISSN/ISBN:0278-0380. DOI:10.2308/aud.2005.24.1.77. | ![]() |
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De Ceuster, MJK, Dhaene, G and Schatteman, T (1998). On the hypothesis of psychological barriers in stock markets and Benford’s law. Journal of Empirical Finance 5(3), pp. 263-279. DOI:10.1016/S0927-5398(97)00024-8. | ![]() |
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Deckert, J, Myagkov, M and Ordeshook, PC (2011). Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 245-268. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr014. | ![]() |
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Diaconis, P and Freedman, D (1979). On Rounding Percentages. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74(366), pp. 359-364. ISSN/ISBN:0162-1459. | ![]() |
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Diekmann, A (2007). Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to Detect Fraudulent Scientific Data. Journal of Applied Statistics 34(3), pp. 321-329. ISSN/ISBN:0266-4763. DOI:10.1080/02664760601004940. | ![]() |
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Durtschi, C, Hillison, W and Pacini, C (2004). The effective use of Benford’s law to assist in detecting fraud in accounting data. Journal of Forensic Accounting 1524-5586/Vol. V, pp. 17-34. | ![]() |
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Giles, DE (2007). Benford's law and naturally occurring prices in certain eBay auctions. Applied Economics Letters 14(3), pp. 157-161. ISSN/ISBN:1350-4851. DOI:10.1080/13504850500425667. | ![]() |
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Gonzalez-Garcia, J and Pastor, G (2009). Benford’s Law and Macroeconomic Data Quality. International Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/09/10, Statistics Department, January 2009. | ![]() |
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Guan, L, He, D and Yang, D (2006). Auditing, integral approach to quarterly reporting, and cosmetic earnings management. Managerial Auditing Journal 21(6), pp. 569-581. DOI:10.1108/02686900610674861. | ![]() |
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Günnel, S and Tödter, K-H (2009). Does Benford's law hold in economic research and forecasting?. Empirica 36, pp. 273-292. DOI:10.1007/s10663-008-9084-1. | ![]() |
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Henselmann, K, Scherr, E and Ditter, D (2013). Applying Benford's Law to individual financial reports: An empirical investigation on the basis of SEC XBRL filings. Working Papers in Accounting Valuation Auditing, No. 2012-1 [rev.]. | ![]() |
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Hill, TP (1988). Random-Number Guessing and the First Digit Phenomenon. Psychological Reports 62(3), pp. 967-971. ISSN/ISBN:0033-2941. DOI:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.967. | ![]() |
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Hill, TP (1995). A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law. Statistical Science 10(4), pp. 354-363. ISSN/ISBN:0883-4237. | ![]() |
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Hill, TP (1995). Base-Invariance Implies Benford's Law. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 123(3), pp. 887-895. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9939. DOI:10.2307/2160815. | ![]() |
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Judge, G and Schechter, L (2009). Detecting problems in survey data using Benford’s law. J. Human Resources 44, pp. 1-24. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.1.1. | ![]() |
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Kienle, S (2015). What Benford Can Tell Us About Cover Pools – An Empirical Analysis. International Business & Economic Research Journal 14(6), pp. 829-834. DOI:10.19030/iber.v14i6.9489. | ![]() |
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Kinnunen, J and Koskela, M (2003). Who Is Miss World in Cosmetic Earnings Management? A Cross-National Comparison of Small Upward Rounding of Net Income Numbers among Eighteen Countries. Journal of International Accounting Research 2, pp. 39-68. DOI:10.2308/jiar.2003.2.1.39. | ![]() |
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Leemis, LM, Schmeiser, BW and Evans, DL (2000). Survival Distributions Satisfying Benford's Law. American Statistician 54(4), pp. 236-241. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.2307/2685773. | ![]() |
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Ley, E (1996). On the Peculiar Distribution of the US Stock Indexes' Digits. American Statistician 50(4), pp. 311-313. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.1080/00031305.1996.10473558. | ![]() |
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Mebane, WR Jr (2008). Election forensics: The second-digit Benford’s law test and recent American presidential elections. In Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation, edited by R. Alvarez, T. Hall and S. Hyde. Washington, DC: Brookings Press, pp. 162–181 . ISSN/ISBN:978-0-8157-0138-5. | ![]() |
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Mebane, WR Jr (2010). Fraud in the 2009 presidential election in Iran?. Chance 23(1), pp. 6-15. DOI:10.1080/09332480.2010.10739785. | ![]() |
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Mebane, WR Jr (2011). Comment on “Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud”. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 269-272. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr024. | ![]() |
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Michalski, T and Stoltz, G (2013). Do Countries Falsify Economic Data Strategically? Some Evidence That They Might. The Review of Economics and Statistics 95(2), pp. 591-616. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00274. | ![]() |
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Mochty, L (2002). Die Aufdeckung von Manipulationen im Rechnungswesen - Was leistet das Benford's Law?. Die Wirtschaftsprüfung 14, pp. 725-736. GER | ![]() |
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Mollat, I (2014). Benford reloaded: IT-Forensik: EY und Fraunhofer SIT gelingt der Durchbruch [Benford reloaded: IT forensics: EY and Fraunhofer SIT make breakthrough]. Risk, Fraud & Compliance (ZRFC) 1(14). GER | ![]() |
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Nagasaka, K (1984). On Benford's Law. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 36(2), pp. 337-352. ISSN/ISBN:0020-3157. DOI:10.1007/BF02481974. | ![]() |
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Newcomb, S (1881). Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers. American Journal of Mathematics 4(1), pp. 39-40. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9327. DOI:10.2307/2369148. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ (1992). The Detection of Income Tax Evasion Through an Analysis of Digital Frequencies. PhD thesis, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ (1996). A taxpayer compliance application of Benford’s law. Journal of the American Taxation Association 18(1), pp. 72-91. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ (2000). Digital Analysis Using Benford's Law: Tests and Statistics for Auditors. Global Audit Publications: Vancouver, Canada. DOI:10.1201/1079/43266.28.9.20010301/30389.4. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ (2012). Benford's Law: Applications for Forensic Accounting, Auditing, and Fraud Detection . John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, New Jersey. ISSN/ISBN:978-1-118-15285-0. DOI:10.1002/9781119203094. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ and Miller, SJ (2007). Benford’s Law Applied to Hydrology Data—Results and Relevance to Other Geophysical Data. Mathematical Geology 39(5), 469-490. ISSN/ISBN:0882-8121. DOI:10.1007/s11004-007-9109-5. | ![]() |
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Nigrini, MJ and Mittermaier, LJ (1997). The use of Benford's Law as an aid in analytical procedures. Auditing - A Journal of Practice & Theory 16(2), 52-67. ISSN/ISBN:0278-0380. | ![]() |
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Niskanen, J and Keloharju, M (2000). Earnings cosmetics in a tax-driven accounting environment: evidence from Finnish public firms. European Accounting Review 9(3), pp. 443-452. DOI:10.1080/09638180020017159. | ![]() |
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Nye, J and Moul, C (2007). The Political Economy of Numbers: On the Application of Benford's Law to International Macroeconomic Statistics. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics 7(1), pp. 1-14. DOI:10.2202/1935-1690.1449. | ![]() |
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Pinkham, RS (1961). On the Distribution of First Significant Digits. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 32(4), pp. 1223-1230. ISSN/ISBN:0003-4851. | ![]() |
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Posch, PN (2005). Ziffernanalyse in Theorie und Praxis. Testverfahren zur Fälschungsaufspürung mit Benfords Gesetz. Diploma thesis, Universität Bonn, Germany, 2003. Published by Shaker Verlag, Aachen. GER | ![]() |
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Quick, R and Wolz, M (2003). Benford's Law in deutschen Rechnungslegungsdaten. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis 55(2), pp. 208-224. ISSN/ISBN:0340-5370. GER | ![]() |
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Rauch, B, Brähler, G, Engel, S and Göttsche, M (2011). Fact and Fiction in EU-Governmental Economic Data. German Economic Review 12(3), pp. 243-255. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2011.00542.x. | ![]() |
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Rauch, B, Göttsche, G, Brähler, G and Kronfeld, T (2014). Deficit versus Social Statistics: Empirical Evidence for the Effectiveness of Benford’s Law. Applied Economics Letters 21(3), pp. 147-151. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2013.844319. | ![]() |
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Rauch, B, Göttsche, M, Brähler, G, Brinkert, D and Kronfeld, T (2014). European integration and statistical credibility: application of Benford's law on governmental economic data of EU membership aspirants. The Empirical Economics Letters 13(7), pp. 755-762. | ![]() |
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Rauch, B, Göttsche, M, Brähler, G, Geidel, FA and Pietras, T (2014). Assessing the Accountability Reports of Political Parties in Germany using Benford's Law. Betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung und Praxis 66(2). | ![]() |
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Rauch, B, Göttsche, M and Langenegger, S (2014). Detecting Problems in Military Expenditure Data Using Digital Analysis. Defence and Peace Economics 25(2), pp. 97-111. DOI:10.1080/10242694.2013.763438. | ![]() |
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Rodriguez, RJ (2004). Reducing False Alarms in the Detection of Human Influence on Data. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 19(2), pp. 141-158. DOI:10.1177/0148558X0401900202. | ![]() |
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Schatte, P (1988). On mantissa distributions in computing and Benford’s law. Journal of Information Processing and Cybernetics EIK 24(9), 443-455. ISSN/ISBN:0863-0593. | ![]() |
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Schräpler, J-P (2011). Benford's Law as an Instrument for Fraud Detection in Surveys Using the Data of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 231(5-6). DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2011-5-609. | ![]() |
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Skousen, CJ, Guan, L and Wetzel, TS (2004). Anomalies and unusual patterns in reported earnings: Japanese managers round earnings. Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting 15(3), 212-234. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-646X.2004.00108.x. | ![]() |
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Tödter, K-H (2007). Das Benford-Gesetz und die Anfangsziffern von Aktienkursen. Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 36(2), pp. 93-97. DOI:10.15358/0340-1650-2007-2-93. GER | ![]() |
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Tödter, K-H (2009). Benford's Law as an Indicator of Fraud in Economics. German Economic Review 10(3), 339-351. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0475.2009.00475.x. | ![]() |
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van Caneghem, T (2002). Earnings management induced by cognitive reference points. The British Accounting Review 34(2), 167-178. DOI:10.1006/bare.2002.0190. | ![]() |
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van Caneghem, T (2004). The impact of audit quality on earnings rounding-up behaviour: some UK evidence. European Accounting Review 13(4), 771-786. DOI:10.1080/0963818042000216866. | ![]() |
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Watrin, C and Struffert, R (2006). Benford’s Law und Chi-Quadrat-Test – Chancen und Risiken des Einsatzes bei steuerlichen Prüfungen . Der Betrieb, Vol. 59, No. 33, pp. 1748-1750. GER | ![]() |
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