Beber, B and Scacco, A (2012). What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud. Political Analysis 20 (2), pp. 211-234. DOI:10.1093/pan/mps003.
|
|
|
|
|
Benford, F (1938). The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Mar. 31, 1938), pp. 551-572.
|
|
|
|
|
Breunig, C and Goerres, A (2011). Searching for Electoral Irregularities in an Established Democracy: Applying Benford’s Law Tests to Bundestag Elections in Unified Germany. Electoral Studies 30(3) September 2011, pp. 534-545.
|
|
|
|
|
Buttorff, G (2008). Detecting fraud in America's gilded age. Working Paper No. 2, University of Iowa, Cal Tech/MIT Voting Technology Project.
|
|
|
|
|
Cantu, F and Saiegh, SM (2011). Fraudulent Democracy? An Analysis of Argentina’s Infamous Decade Using Supervised Machine Learning. Political Analysis 19 (4), pp. 409-433. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr033.
|
|
|
|
|
Cho, WKT and Gaines, BJ (2007). Breaking the (Benford) law: Statistical fraud detection in campaign finance. American Statistician 61(3), pp. 218-223. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.1198/000313007X223496.
|
|
|
|
|
Deckert, J, Myagkov, M and Ordeshook, PC (2011). Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 245-268. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr014.
|
|
|
|
|
Giles, DE (2007). Benford's law and naturally occurring prices in certain eBay auctions. Applied Economics Letters 14(3), pp. 157-161. ISSN/ISBN:1350-4851. DOI:10.1080/13504850500425667.
|
|
|
|
|
Hill, TP (1995). A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law. Statistical Science 10(4), pp. 354-363. ISSN/ISBN:0883-4237.
|
|
|
|
|
Jiménez, R and Hidalgo, M (2014). Forensic Analysis of Venezuelan Elections during the Cha ́vez Presidency. PLOS ONE 9(6), pp. 1-18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0100884.
|
|
|
|
|
Judge, G and Schechter, L (2009). Detecting problems in survey data using Benford’s law. J. Human Resources 44, pp. 1-24. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.1.1.
|
|
|
|
|
Leemann, L and Bochsler, D (2014). A systematic approach to study electoral fraud. Electoral Studies, Vol. 35, Num. 0, pp. 33-47. ISSN/ISBN:0261-3794. DOI:10.1016/j.electstud.2014.03.005.
|
|
|
|
|
Leemis, LM, Schmeiser, BW and Evans, DL (2000). Survival Distributions Satisfying Benford's Law. American Statistician 54(4), pp. 236-241. ISSN/ISBN:0003-1305. DOI:10.2307/2685773.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2006). Election Forensics: Vote Counts and Benford’s Law. Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Political Methodology Society, UC-Davis, July, pp. 20-22.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2006). Election Forensics: The Second-digit Benford’s Law Test and
Recent American Presidential Elections. Proceedings of the Election Fraud Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 29-30, 2006.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2007). Election Forensics: Statistical Interventions in Election Controversies. Prepared for presentation at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, August 30–Sept 2.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2008). Election Forensics: Outlier and Digit Tests in America and Russia. Prepared for presentation at The American Electoral Process conference, Center for the Study of Democratic Politics, Princeton University, May 1-3, 2008.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2010). Fraud in the 2009 presidential election in Iran?. Chance 23(1), pp. 6-15. DOI:10.1080/09332480.2010.10739785.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2010). Election Fraud or Strategic Voting? Can Second-digit Tests Tell the Difference?. Prepared for Presentation at the 2010 Summer Meeting of the Political Methodology Society. University of Iowa.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2011). Comment on “Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud”. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 269-272. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr024.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr and Kalinin, K (2009). Comparative Election Fraud Detection. Presentation at APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting.
|
|
|
|
|
Newcomb, S (1881). Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers. American Journal of Mathematics 4(1), pp. 39-40. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9327. DOI:10.2307/2369148.
|
|
|
|
|
Pericchi, LR and Torres, DA (2011). Quick anomaly detection by the Newcomb-Benford law, with applications to electoral processes data from the USA, Puerto Rico and Venezuela. Statistical Science 26(4), pp. 502-16. DOI:10.1214/09-STS296.
|
|
|
|
|