Beber, B and Scacco, A (2012). What the Numbers Say: A Digit-Based Test for Election Fraud. Political Analysis 20 (2), pp. 211-234. DOI:10.1093/pan/mps003.
|
|
|
|
|
Benford, F (1938). The law of anomalous numbers. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Mar. 31, 1938), pp. 551-572.
|
|
|
|
|
Breunig, C and Goerres, A (2011). Searching for Electoral Irregularities in an Established Democracy: Applying Benford’s Law Tests to Bundestag Elections in Unified Germany. Electoral Studies 30(3) September 2011, pp. 534-545.
|
|
|
|
|
Deckert, J, Myagkov, M and Ordeshook, PC (2011). Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 245-268. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr014.
|
|
|
|
|
Diekmann, A (2007). Not the First Digit! Using Benford's Law to Detect Fraudulent Scientific Data. Journal of Applied Statistics 34(3), pp. 321-329. ISSN/ISBN:0266-4763. DOI:10.1080/02664760601004940.
|
|
|
|
|
Hill, TP (1995). A Statistical Derivation of the Significant-Digit Law. Statistical Science 10(4), pp. 354-363. ISSN/ISBN:0883-4237.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2006). Election Forensics: The Second-digit Benford’s Law Test and Recent American Presidential Elections. pp 161-181 in: Alvarez, RM, Hall, TE and Hyde, SD (eds.), Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Brookings Press, Washington DC. ISSN/ISBN:9780815701606.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2006). Election Forensics: Vote Counts and Benford’s Law. Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Political Methodology Society, UC-Davis, July, pp. 20-22.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2010). Fraud in the 2009 presidential election in Iran?. Chance 23(1), pp. 6-15. DOI:10.1080/09332480.2010.10739785.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2010). Election Fraud or Strategic Voting? Can Second-digit Tests Tell the Difference?. Prepared for Presentation at the 2010 Summer Meeting of the Political Methodology Society. University of Iowa.
|
|
|
|
|
Mebane, WR Jr (2011). Comment on “Benford's Law and the Detection of Election Fraud”. Political Analysis 19(3), pp. 269-272. DOI:10.1093/pan/mpr024.
|
|
|
|
|
Morrow, J (2010). Benford's Law, Families of Distributions and a Test Basis. E-print formerly published on www.johnmorrow.info; last accessed Mar 10, 2021. .
|
|
|
|
|
Newcomb, S (1881). Note on the frequency of use of the different digits in natural numbers. American Journal of Mathematics 4(1), pp. 39-40. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9327. DOI:10.2307/2369148.
|
|
|
|
|
Raimi, RA (1969). The Peculiar Distribution of First Digits. Scientific American 221(6), pp. 109-120. ISSN/ISBN:0036-8733. DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican1269-109.
|
|
|
|
|
Raimi, RA (1976). The First Digit Problem. American Mathematical Monthly 83(7), pp. 521-538. ISSN/ISBN:0002-9890. DOI:10.2307/2319349.
|
|
|
|
|
Shikano, S and Mack, V (2011). When does 2nd Digit Benford´s Law-Test signal an election fraud? Facts or misleading test results. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 231 (5+6), 719-732.
|
|
|
|
|